Threat and Error Management
As glider pilots, we navigate the boundless skies with grace and precision, but even the most experienced aviators encounter challenges. Threat and error management (TEM) is a crucial concept that empowers pilots to identify, assess, and mitigate potential risks before they escalate into hazardous situations. In this article, we delve into the realms of TEM and its application in soaring.
Understanding Threats
Threats are external factors that have the potential to compromise flight safety. They can arise from weather conditions, congestion in the air, or human factors such as fatigue or distractions. For glider pilots, threats may include turbulent thermals, restricted airspace, unfamiliar terrain, maintenance that hadn’t been carried out correctly, tow out gear, forgetting to turn the flare on, etc. Recognising these threats is the first step toward effective risk management.
Assessing Errors
Errors, on the other hand, are actions or decisions that deviate from intended plans or procedures. They can be categorised as either skill-based, decision-based, or perceptual errors. In the context of glider flying, examples of errors might include misjudging altitude during landing or failing to properly secure cockpit controls before takeoff. By analysing errors, pilots can pinpoint areas for improvement and implement corrective measures.
Implementing TEM
The TEM framework consists of three key components: anticipation, recognition, and recovery. Anticipation involves proactively identifying potential threats and errors before they materialise. Glider pilots must stay vigilant and anticipate changes in weather patterns, other traffic (power or otherwise), or sailplane performance. Recognition is the ability to swiftly detect and acknowledge threats or errors as they occur. This requires keen situational awareness and effective communication among crew members, especially in dual-control gliders. Recovery entails taking decisive action to mitigate the impact of threats or errors. Pilots must be prepared to execute emergency procedures, adjust their flight path, or seek assistance from others if necessary.
Practical Strategies for Glider Pilots
- Pre-flight Planning: Thoroughly assess weather forecasts, airspace restrictions, and terrain features along planned flight routes. Develop contingency plans for unexpected events.
- Situational Awareness: Maintain a constant scan of the surrounding airspace (meaning airspace, and for other airborne traffic which is around you) and terrain, aircraft state, systems within the glider, procedures for each situation, naturally with Mother Nature too. Use instruments and visual cues to monitor navigation, altitude, airspeed, and wind conditions.
- Communication: Establish clear communication protocols with other pilots, ground crews, and air traffic control if need be. Share relevant information and coordinate actions to avoid conflicts or misunderstandings.
- Crew Resource Management: In dual-control gliders, utilize both pilot's expertise and collaborate effectively to manage threats and errors. Establish roles and responsibilities to streamline decision-making processes. If in doubt, speak up, ask more open questions, always ensure that someone is in control.
- Continuous Training: Participate in recurrent training sessions and proficiency checks to refine flying skills and reinforce TEM principles. Practice emergency procedures in simulated scenarios to enhance readiness, there’s always something we can learn during annual check flights!
Threat and error management is an indispensable tool for glider pilots seeking to enhance safety and proficiency in their craft. By adopting a proactive mindset, honing situational awareness, and fostering effective communication and teamwork, pilots can navigate the skies with confidence and resilience. Remember, the key to successful flying lies not only in mastering technical skills but also in managing the dynamic challenges of the aerial environment. Safe travels and blue skies ahead!
Photo by Sean Franke
Adam Woolley was born into the gliding world, being the 3rd generation in his family. Going solo at 15, his thirst for efficiency in soaring flight & quest for a world championship title to his name has never wavered. One big passion is sharing his experiences & joy with other glider pilots all around the world. Adam is an airline pilot in Japan on the B767 & spends his off time chasing summer around the globe. He has now won 7 national Championships & represented Australia at 5 WGC's & 1 EGC.